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Defense Distributed

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</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org" style="font-size: 125%;">Defense Distributed</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">Nonprofit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">October 16, 2012 (2012-10-16) in <a href="Austin%2C_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin, Texas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founders</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="Cody_Wilson" title="Cody Wilson">Cody Wilson</a> Benjamin Denio <a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Products</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Ghost_Gunner" title="Ghost Gunner">Ghost Gunner</a> <a href="DEFCAD" title="DEFCAD">DEFCAD</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://defdist.org/">defdist.org</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

Defense Distributed is an online, <a href="Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">open-source hardware</a> and software organization that develops digital <a href="Schematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Schematics">schematics</a> of <a href="Firearms" class="mw-redirect" title="Firearms">firearms</a> in <a href="CAD" class="mw-redirect" title="CAD">CAD</a> files, or "wiki weapons", that may be downloaded from the Internet and used in <a href="3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printing</a> or <a href="CNC" class="mw-redirect" title="CNC">CNC milling</a> applications.<a href="#cite_note-f20120823-2">[2]</a> Among the organization's goals is to develop and freely publish firearms-related design schematics that can be downloaded and reproduced by anyone with a <a href="3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printer</a> or <a href="Milling_(machining)" title="Milling (machining)">milling machine</a>, facilitating the popular production of <a href="Ghost_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghost gun">homemade firearms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-pcm20120824-4">[4]</a>

The company is best known for developing and releasing the files for the <a href="Liberator_(gun)" title="Liberator (gun)">Liberator</a>, the world's first completely 3D printed gun.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> On May 5, 2013, Defense Distributed made these printable <a href="STL_(file_format)" title="STL (file format)">STL</a> files public,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> and within days the <a href="United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> demanded they be removed from the Internet, citing a violation of the <a href="International_Traffic_in_Arms_Regulations" title="International Traffic in Arms Regulations">International Traffic in Arms Regulations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CBS9-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-POPSCI9-9">[9]</a>

On May 6, 2015, Defense Distributed, joined by the <a href="Second_Amendment_Foundation" title="Second Amendment Foundation">Second Amendment Foundation</a> (SAF), filed <a href="Defense_Distributed_v._U.S._Dept._of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Distributed v. U.S. Dept. of State">Defense Distributed v. U.S. Dept. of State</a> in the Western District of Texas, leading the State Department to eventually offer a settlement in 2018. On July 27, 2018, Defense Distributed released ten CAD files to the public domain at <a href="DEFCAD" title="DEFCAD">DEFCAD</a> before a federal judge in <a href="United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Washington" title="United States District Court for the Western District of Washington">Washington State</a> enjoined the settlement in <a href="Defense_Distributed_v._U.S._Dept._of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Distributed v. U.S. Dept. of State">Defense Distributed I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-CDL-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> On April 27, 2021, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit vacated the injunction, and ordered the district court to dismiss the suit challenging the settlement.<a href="#cite_note-cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov-13">[13]</a> Shortly thereafter, Defense Distributed again released its library of files to the public domain.<a href="#cite_note-thetruthaboutguns.com-14">[14]</a> Multiple federal and state lawsuits are pending which challenge the legality and of this settlement, and the protected speech content of 3D printable gun files.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding">Founding</h3></div>

After raising <a href="United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>2,000 via a suspended <a href="Crowd_funding" class="mw-redirect" title="Crowd funding">crowd-funding</a> appeal, suffering the confiscation of its first 3D printer, and partnering with private manufacturing firms,<a href="#cite_note-guardian2-15">[15]</a> the organization began live fire testing of the first generation of printable firearms in December 2012.<a href="#cite_note-wired3-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Forbes3-17">[17]</a>

In its first year of operation the organization produced a durable printed <a href="Lower_receiver" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower receiver">receiver</a> for the <a href="AR-15" class="mw-redirect" title="AR-15">AR-15</a>, the first printed standard capacity AR-15 <a href="Magazine_(firearms)" title="Magazine (firearms)">magazine</a>, and the first printed magazine for the <a href="AK-47" title="AK-47">AK-47</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wired5-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FAB1-19">[19]</a> These 3D printable files were available for download at the organization's publishing site <a href="DEFCAD" title="DEFCAD">DEFCAD</a>,<a href="#cite_note-VBDC-20">[20]</a> but are now largely hosted on file sharing websites.<a href="#cite_note-TFreak1-21">[21]</a>

The organization has been predominantly represented in public since July 2012 by <a href="Cody_Wilson" title="Cody Wilson">Cody Wilson</a>, who is described as a founder and spokesperson.<a href="#cite_note-reason20121212-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> In September 2018, Wilson briefly resigned from the company while under indictment for sexual assault, returning to his role in late 2019.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purpose">Purpose</h3></div>

According to the Defense Distributed website, the nonprofit was founded as "the first private defense contractor in service of the general public," in order to "[advance] the state of the art in small scale, digital, personal gunsmithing." In court records the organization claims "to publish and distribute... such information and knowledge in promotion of the public interest".<a href="#cite_note-about-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardian2-15">[15]</a>

The organization's motivations have been described as "less about [a] gun... than about democratizing manufacturing technology,"<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a>

In an interview with <a href="Slashdot" title="Slashdot">Slashdot</a>, <a href="Cody_Wilson" title="Cody Wilson">Cody Wilson</a> described the Wiki Weapon project as a chance to "experiment with Enlightenment ideas… to literally materialize freedom."<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a>

At Bitcoin 2012 in <a href="London" title="London">London</a>, Wilson explained the organization as interested in inspiring libertarian forms of social organization and technologically driven inversions of authority.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DEFCAD">DEFCAD</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="DEFCAD" title="DEFCAD">DEFCAD</a></div>

In December 2012, as a response to <a href="Makerbot" class="mw-redirect" title="Makerbot"> Makerbot Industries</a>' decision to remove firearms-related 3D printable files at the popular repository <a href="Thingiverse" title="Thingiverse">Thingiverse</a>, Defense Distributed launched a companion site at defcad.org to publicly host the removed 3D printable files and its own.<a href="#cite_note-Giz2-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-verge1-30">[30]</a>

Public and community submissions to DEFCAD rose rapidly,<a href="#cite_note-VBDC-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-verge1-30">[30]</a> and in March 2013, at the <a href="SXSW" class="mw-redirect" title="SXSW">SXSW</a> Interactive festival, Wilson announced a repurposed and expanded DEFCAD as a separate entity that would serve as a 3D search engine and development hub, while maintaining the spirit of access endemic to Defense Distributed.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-VBDC3-33">[33]</a> DEFCAD has been called "The Pirate Bay of 3D Printing"<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> and "the anti-Makerbot".<a href="#cite_note-VBDC3-33">[33]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ghost_Gunner">Ghost Gunner</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Ghost_Gunner" title="Ghost Gunner">Ghost Gunner</a></div>

In October 2014, Defense Distributed began selling to the public a miniature <a href="Numerical_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Numerical control">CNC</a> mill for completing receivers for the AR-15 semi-automatic rifle.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> For a review of the machine in <a href="Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a>, Andy Greenberg manufactured a series of lowers and called the machine "absurdly easy to use."<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a>

Since 2016 the Ghost Gunner has been recognized as the most popular machine tool for the production of <a href="Privately_made_firearm" class="mw-redirect" title="Privately made firearm">privately made firearms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NBC_GG-37">[37]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_history">Legal history</h3></div>

Defense Distributed once sought <a href="501(c)(3)" class="mw-redirect" title="501(c)(3)">501(c)(3)</a> federal tax exemption, but its application was denied by the IRS.<a href="#cite_note-Mercury_2018-07-11-38">[38]</a>

The organization operates to publish intellectual property and information developed by licensed firearms manufacturers and the public.<a href="#cite_note-guardian2-15">[15]</a>

Cody Wilson has had a Type 7 <a href="Federal_Firearms_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Firearms License">Federal Firearms License</a> (FFL).<a href="#cite_note-IBT2-39">[39]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_challenges">Legal challenges</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stratasys_confiscation">Stratasys confiscation</h3></div>

Learning of Defense Distributed's plans in 2012, manufacturer <a href="Stratasys" title="Stratasys">Stratasys, Ltd</a> threatened legal action and demanded the return of the 3D printer it had leased to Wilson. On September 26, before the printer was assembled for use, Wilson received an email from Stratasys suggesting that he might use the printer "...for illegal purposes..."

Stratasys immediately canceled its lease with Wilson and sent a team to confiscate the printer the next day. Wilson was subsequently questioned by the <a href="Bureau_of_Alcohol%2C_Tobacco_and_Firearms" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms">ATF</a> when visiting an ATF field office in <a href="Austin%2C_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin, Texas</a> to inquire about legalities and regulations relating to the Wiki Weapons project.<a href="#cite_note-wired-40">[40]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Undetectable_Firearms_Act">The Undetectable Firearms Act</h3></div>

Defense Distributed's efforts have prompted renewed discussion and examination of the <a href="Undetectable_Firearms_Act_of_1988" class="mw-redirect" title="Undetectable Firearms Act of 1988">Undetectable Firearms Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-reason20121212-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-IBT2-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mashable-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNET2-42">[42]</a> The Liberator pistol was cited in White House and Congressional calls to renew the Act in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-CNNUFA-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYTUFA-44">[44]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_Traffic_in_Arms_Regulations">International Traffic in Arms Regulations</h3></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">English <a href="Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article:

<div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/en:Letter_from_Department_of_State_to_Defense_Distributed" class="extiw external" title="s:en:Letter from Department of State to Defense Distributed">Letter from Department of State to Defense Distributed</a></div></div></div>

</div>

On May 9, 2013, The <a href="United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> Directorate of Defense Trade Controls (DDTC) directed Defense Distributed to remove the download links to its publicly accessible CAD files.<a href="#cite_note-Lede2-45">[45]</a> The State Department's letter, likely prompted by the <a href="Liberator_(gun)" title="Liberator (gun)">Liberator Pistol</a>, referenced <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/22/127.1">§ 127.1 of the</a> <a href="International_Traffic_in_Arms_Regulations" title="International Traffic in Arms Regulations">International Traffic in Arms Regulations</a> (ITAR), interpreting the regulations to impose a prior approval requirement on publication of Defense Distributed's files into the public domain, a legal position noted at the time to suffer from <a href="First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First</a> and <a href="Second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Second Amendment to the United States Constitution">Second Amendment</a> infirmities.<a href="#cite_note-DDot2-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-RStein-47">[47]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Defense_Distributed_v._U.S._Dept._of_State">Defense Distributed v. U.S. Dept. of State</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Defense_Distributed_v._U.S._Dept._of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Distributed v. U.S. Dept. of State">Defense Distributed v. U.S. Dept. of State</a></div>

On May 6, 2015, Defense Distributed filed a <a href="Constitutional_law" title="Constitutional law">Constitutional challenge</a> against the State Department in the Western District of Texas, suing agents of the DDTC and accusing the federal government of knowingly violating the company's First, Second, and Fifth amendment liberties. Defense Distributed was joined in its suit by the <a href="Second_Amendment_Foundation" title="Second Amendment Foundation">Second Amendment Foundation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYTS-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-WiredState-49">[49]</a>

After three years of procedural wrangling, on July 10, 2018, Wired magazine reported Defense Distributed and SAF had accepted a settlement offer from the Department of State. Cody Wilson explained his intention to immediately relaunch <a href="DEFCAD" title="DEFCAD">DEFCAD</a> and release 3D gun files into the public domain.<a href="#cite_note-ForbesWin-50">[50]</a> These new public domain releases occurred on July 27, 2018, days before any court orders.<a href="#cite_note-CDL-11">[11]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="State_of_Washington_et_al_v._United_States_Department_of_State_et_al">State of Washington et al v. United States Department of State et al</h4></div>

A coalition of state attorneys general sued to enjoin the settlement in <a href="Defense_Distributed_v._United_States_Department_of_State" title="Defense Distributed v. United States Department of State">Defense Distributed v. U.S. Dept. of State</a> in 2018, citing "...irreparable harm if the [firearm CAD files] are published on the internet."<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Defense Distributed joined the suit as a necessary party, claiming the states lacked Article III standing and protections of its activity under the First Amendment.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> U.S. District Judge <a href="Robert_S._Lasnik" title="Robert S. Lasnik">Robert Lasnik</a> issued a <a href="Injunction" title="Injunction">temporary restraining order</a> against the State Department on July 31, 2018,<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> and granted a permanent injunction on November 12, 2019, ruling the State Department failed to give an adequate explanation of its settlement with Defense Distributed as required by the <a href="Administrative_Procedure_Act_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative Procedure Act (United States)">Administrative Procedure Act</a>, a controversial decision since the department's designations are typically deemed unable to be judicially reviewed.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a>

Defense Distributed appealed Lasnik's injunction to the <a href="United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals</a>, which rejected the case in July 2020, ruling the organization lacked the standing to appeal a decision directed at the State Department.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> On April 27, 2021, however, the Ninth Circuit vacated an injunction in a related case, holding that Congress had expressly prohibited judicial review of the agency decisions in question.<a href="#cite_note-cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov-13">[13]</a> Defense Distributed again released its full library of files to the public domain.<a href="#cite_note-thetruthaboutguns.com-14">[14]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Defense_Distributed_v._Gurbir_Grewal">Defense Distributed v. Gurbir Grewal</h4></div>

In July 2018, at the same time as State of Washington v. Department of State, Defense Distributed filed a civil lawsuit under <a href="Third_Enforcement_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Enforcement Act">section 1983 of the Civil Rights Act</a> against <a href="New_Jersey_Attorney_General" class="mw-redirect" title="New Jersey Attorney General">New Jersey Attorney General</a> <a href="Gurbir_Grewal" title="Gurbir Grewal">Gurbir Grewal</a>, who sent a <a href="Cease_and_desist" title="Cease and desist">cease and desist</a> letter directing the firm to not publish the files subject to their settlement with the U.S. Department of State.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Defense Distributed argued New Jersey law had no power over their settlement and its use to impede their file publication was unconstitutional.

The suit was originally dismissed in district court over a question of <a href="Personal_jurisdiction" title="Personal jurisdiction">personal jurisdiction</a>, but in August 2020 the <a href="United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fifth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit">Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals</a> reversed the lower court and allowed the lawsuit to proceed in Texas.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a>

On March 29, 2021, the Supreme Court denied Grewal's petition for a writ of certiorari, affirming the Fifth Circuit's decision, and remanding the case to the district court.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Defense_Distributed_v._Bruck">Defense Distributed v. Bruck</h4></div>

After remand to Texas, and after Andrew Bruck succeeded Gurbir Grewal as Attorney General of his state, the district court severed Defense Distributed's claims against New Jersey and transferred them to a federal court there.<a href="#cite_note-Bruck1-64">[64]</a> Defense Distributed again appealed the district court to the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals, who again reversed the lower court and held its order severing and transferring the claims against the AG to the District of New Jersey was a clear abuse of discretion.<a href="#cite_note-Bruck2-65">[65]</a> In its opinion, the Fifth Circuit made the rare request to the district court in New Jersey to transfer the 3D gun case back to Texas, which this court has so far refused, creating an unprecedented judicial "turf fight".<a href="#cite_note-Bruck2-65">[65]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition_of_Frame_or_Receiver">Definition of Frame or Receiver</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="VanDerStok_v._Garland" class="mw-redirect" title="VanDerStok v. Garland">VanDerStok v. Garland</a></div>

In late 2022, Defense Distributed, joined by the Second Amendment Foundation, intervened in <a href="VanDerStok_v._Garland" class="mw-redirect" title="VanDerStok v. Garland">VanDerStok v. Garland</a>, a suit challenging the <a href="Bureau_of_Alcohol_Tobacco_and_Firearms" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco and Firearms">ATF</a>'s 2021 "Frame or Receiver" rule, ATF2021R-05F.<a href="#cite_note-SAF_VDS-66">[66]</a> On March 3, 2023, Judge Reed O'Connor of the Northern District of Texas granted Defense Distributed injunctive relief against the ATF, and on June 30, 2023, he granted the company's motion for summary judgment against the agency.<a href="#cite_note-TTAG_VDS-67">[67]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2></div>

Despite the years of legal challenges, Defense Distributed's and other firearms <a href="Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">CAD</a> files have always been on the internet.<a href="#cite_note-FORBES9-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-CBS9-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-POPSCI9-9">[9]</a> The files remain available on mirror websites, <a href="Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>, <a href="Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a>, <a href="Thingiverse" title="Thingiverse">Thingiverse</a>, and <a href="GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a>, and have been downloaded millions of times on <a href="Odysee" title="Odysee">Odysee</a> and via peer-to-peer <a href="BitTorrent" title="BitTorrent">torrent</a> services.<a href="#cite_note-Recoil18-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reuters_ET-70">[70]</a>

The company has been supported by the <a href="Gun_Owners_of_America" title="Gun Owners of America">Gun Owners of America</a> (GOA).<a href="#cite_note-WaPo2-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a>

<a href="Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a> advocate <a href="Eric_S_Raymond" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric S Raymond">Eric S. Raymond</a> has endorsed the organization and its efforts, calling Defense Distributed "friends of freedom" and writing "I approve of any development that makes it more difficult for governments and criminals to monopolize the use of force. As 3D printers become less expensive and more ubiquitous, this could be a major step in the right direction."<a href="#cite_note-ESR-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Verge3-74">[74]</a>

Aaron Timms of Blouin News has written Defense Distributed has performed "...the greatest piece of political performance art of [the 21st] century."<a href="#cite_note-Blouin1-75">[75]</a>

For its activities, Defense Distributed has been accused of endangering public safety and attempting to frustrate and alter the US system of government.<a href="#cite_note-WiredD-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYTDC-77">[77]</a> However, critics have also noted that Defense Distributed has merely offered the means of production back to the masses in a way not too dissimilar from the effect the printing press had on the spread of information and the decentralization of power in societies.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a>

<ul><li><a href="3D_printed_firearms" class="mw-redirect" title="3D printed firearms">3D printed firearms</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">Right to keep and bear arms</a></li>

<li><a href="Code_as_speech" title="Code as speech">Code as speech</a></li>

<li><a href="Gun_control" title="Gun control">Gun control</a></li>

<li><a href="Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun politics in the United States</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_notable_3D_printed_weapons_and_parts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of notable 3D printed weapons and parts">List of notable 3D printed weapons and parts</a></li>

<li><a href="Deterrence_Dispensed" title="Deterrence Dispensed">Deterrence Dispensed</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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